์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ํ…Œ์Šคํ„ฐ!๐Ÿ˜
๐ŸŽถ ABCD ์ด์—ช์ง€~ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด์—ช์ง€ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ๋Š” ์™ธ์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!

โœ” ์š”์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๊ด€๋ จ ์†Œ์†ก์ด ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ 
โœ” 1์›” ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ๋น„๊ฑดํ•ด๋ณธ ์ฐ ํ‘ผ๋‹ค
โœ” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค?
โœ” ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ์˜ค์—ผ

์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด์—ช์ง€ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์› ๋˜ ์ด์Šˆ๋‚˜, ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณจ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ทŒยท์š”์•ฝํ•ด์„œ ์ „ํ•ด๋“œ๋ ค์š”. ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ด์—ช์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” 'ํ™˜๊ฒฝ/๋™๋ฌผ๊ถŒ/์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ/๊ฑด๊ฐ•'์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์•ฝ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›๋ฌธ์ด ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๋‹ˆ, ์ด์—ช์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฒดํฌํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์›๋ฌธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜์–ด ๊ณต๋ถ€์— ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ ?๐Ÿ˜
๐Ÿ˜ต ์—ฅ, ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์›ฌ ์™ธ์‹ ?
์ด์—ช์ง€๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ '์†Œ์žฌ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๋™๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ, ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋‹ค, ์ด์Šˆ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” '๊ฐœ๋…'์„ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ญ˜ ์„ค๋ช… ๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ ์‹ถ์—ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋„“ํ˜€ ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ๋‰ด์Šค๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์•„์ง ์ด์—ช์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‹œ ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๋„“๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋งŽ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.๐Ÿค” ์•ˆ๋„๊ฐ๊ณผ ์”์“ธํ•จ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฌธ๋“ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.

"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ?"

์ด์—ช์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋…์ž๋ผ๋ฉด '์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ'๋ผ๋Š” ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ํ…Œ๊ณ , ์˜์–ด ๊ณต๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด์Šˆ๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ , ์˜์–ด๋„ ์ตํžˆ๋Š” <์ด์—ช์ง€ ์˜์–ด์ด์Šˆ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ>๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํš๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.๐Ÿ™‚

๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ๋ฐœํ–‰์— ์•ž์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ์ข€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ <์ด์˜์‹œ>์˜ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ํ…Œ์Šคํ„ฐ์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์—์š”.๐Ÿ˜ ์„ ์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‚œ์ด๋„๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค์ง€, ์—๋””ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฝ‘์€ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ์ง€, ๋” ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋“ฑ, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ ์—†์ด ํ•˜๋‹จ์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ๋งํฌ์— ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ฃผ์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ 3๋ถ„์„ ์ถ”์ฒจํ•ด ์ฑ„์‹ํ•œ๋ผ๋ชฐ ์ฟ ํฐ 5,000์›๊ถŒ์„ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ˆ, ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ถ€ํƒ๋“œ๋ ค์š”! ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๐Ÿ˜Š๐ŸŒˆ
๐Ÿ“ฃ "์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ„ํ—Œ!"
์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ๋…์ผ์—์„œ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐํ›„์šด๋™์„ ํ•ด์˜จ ์‰ฌํŽ™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ , ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ์ง€์ณค๊ณ , ํฌ๋ง์„ ์žƒ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ . "๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋บ๊ธด ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด์•ผ." ์ด์ œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 20์‚ด์ด ๋œ ์ฒญ๋…„์ด ๋Š๋‚€ ์ ˆ๋ง๊ฐ์€ ๊ฝค ๊นŠ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ž‘๋…„ 5์›”, ์‰ฌํŽ™์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ง์ด ์ฐพ์•„์™”์–ด์š”. '์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ„ํ—Œ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”!๐Ÿ˜ฎ

์‚ฌ์‹ค ์š” ๊ทผ๋ž˜, ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” 2015๋…„์— ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ด์—์š”. ์žฌํŒ๊ด€๋“ค์€ '๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด 2020๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 1990๋…„ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ 14~17% ์ค„์ด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์œ„๋ฒ•'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ 25%๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 2019๋…„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐํ›„ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋…์ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜‘์ •์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ํ˜„์žฌ BMW, ๋ฒค์ธ , ํญ์Šค๋ฐ”๊ฒ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•œ ์†Œ์†ก์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ๋ฐ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ์†Œ์†ก์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ 2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.

๋…์ผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ—ค์ธ์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์›์ด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, 2014๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์ ‘์ˆ˜๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ์—์„œ์•ผ ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ์š”. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.

์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๋…์ผ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์˜ ํŒ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์—ญ์—, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!๐Ÿ’ช
๐Ÿง ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋งŒํผ์€ ์™ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ž
โ€ป โ€˜=โ€™๋Š” ์œ ์˜์–ด, โ€˜โ†”โ€™ ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•ด์š” / ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋œป๋งŒ ์ ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
๐Ÿงก court ๋ฒ•์ •, ๋ฒ•์›
๐Ÿงก favour ์ง€์ง€, ํŽธ์„ ๋“ค๋‹ค
๐Ÿงก optimism ( โ†” pessimism) ๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜
๐Ÿงก lawsuit ( = litigation) ์†Œ์†ก
๐Ÿงก cumulative ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋Š”
๐Ÿงก mitigate ( = alleviate) ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค
๐Ÿ’ฏ ์ˆ™์–ด/ํ‘œํ˜„๋„ ๋†“์น˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ฑ™๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ! 
๐Ÿ’› snowballing : ๋ˆˆ๋ฉ์ด, ๋ˆˆ๋ฉ์ด ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚œ (์ƒํ™ฉ)
ex. The last few years have seen a snowballing of court rulings in favour of environmentalists around the world.
์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ˆˆ๋ฉ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ’› take into account : ~๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค
ex. They take into account societal norms and how belief systems might have changed.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ์‹ ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค.
๐Ÿ“ 1์›” ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ๋น„๊ฑดํ•ด๋ณธ ์ฐ ํ‘ผ๋‹ค
'๋น„๊ฑฐ๋‰ด์–ด๋ฆฌ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์‹  ์  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? Vegan๊ณผ January(1์›”)๋ฅผ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ, ๋™๋ช…์˜ ์˜๊ตญ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์ธ๋ฐ์š”. 1์›” ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ๋น„๊ฑด ์‹๋‹จ์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ์ด ๋น„๊ฑฐ๋‰ด์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌํ•ด, ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ 61๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”.๐Ÿ˜ฎ 2014๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ด๋ก€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ˆ์š”. ์ด์— ๋ฐœ๋งž์ถฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น„๊ฑด ์ œํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋น„๊ฑด์‹๋‹จ์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋น„๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ ์  ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋„ค์š”.๐Ÿ’ช

๋ค์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด์š”, ๋น„๊ฑฐ๋‰ด์–ด๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ž์—๋ฏธ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ E ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” 2021๋…„ 1์›” ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ตœ๋Œ€ 10% ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๋‚ด์‹์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 2022๋…„์—๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ E ํ•ญ๊ณต์ด 2021๋…„ ํ•œ ํ•ด ๋™์•ˆ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๋น„๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๋‚ด์‹์€ ๋ฌด๋ ค 113,000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋„ค์š”.๐Ÿ‘
๐Ÿง ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋งŒํผ์€ ์™ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ž
โ€ป โ€˜=โ€™๋Š” ์œ ์˜์–ด, โ€˜โ†”โ€™ ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•ด์š” / ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋œป๋งŒ ์ ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
๐Ÿงก encourage ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค
๐Ÿงก enthusiastic ( = passionate) ์—ด๋ ฌํ•œ
๐Ÿงก advocate ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค
๐Ÿงก witness ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๋‹ค
๐Ÿงก complement ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋‹ค
๐Ÿ’ฏ ์ˆ™์–ด/ํ‘œํ˜„๋„ ๋†“์น˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ฑ™๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ! 
๐Ÿ’› take stock (of) : ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋‹ค
ex. The month of January isn't over yet but the Veganuary association is already taking stock.
์•„์ง 1์›”์ด ๋๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„๊ฑฐ๋‰ด์–ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ’› dedicated to : ~๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ, ~๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ”์น˜๋‹ค
ex. Dedicated to raising awareness about animal welfare, ~
๋™๋ฌผ ๋ณต์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ์ œ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, ~

๐Ÿ’› serve up : ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋‹ค, ์ฐจ๋ ค์ฃผ๋‹ค
ex. Emirates served up to 10% more vegan meals on its flights in January than other months.
E ํ•ญ๊ณต์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค 1์›”์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ 10% ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๋‚ด์‹์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
๐Ÿ‘ฉ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค?
์—ฌ์„ฑ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง, ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ, ์žฌ์ž…์› ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์–ด์š”. ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 15% ๋” ๋†’๊ณ , ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 32% ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ฃ .๐Ÿ˜จ

2007๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 2,900๋ช…์˜ ์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ํ™˜์ž 130๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋” ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๋…ผ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.

์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ž ์žฌ์˜์‹, ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ•ํžŒ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ, ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋… ๋“ฑ ์•”๋ฌต์ ์ธ ์„ฑ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”. ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ, ๋Œ€์ธ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋„ ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž‘์—… ๋ฐฉ์‹, ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐ ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ . ์ž‘์€ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์žƒ๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ, ์ •๋ง ๋”์ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?๐Ÿคฆโ€โ™€๏ธ
๐Ÿง ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋งŒํผ์€ ์™ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ž
โ€ป โ€˜=โ€™๋Š” ์œ ์˜์–ด, โ€˜โ†”โ€™ ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•ด์š” / ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋œป๋งŒ ์ ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
๐Ÿงก underwent (ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”ยท์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ ๋“ฑ์„) ๊ฒช๋‹ค[๋ฐ›๋‹ค] (*undergo์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•)
๐Ÿงก complication ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ
๐Ÿงก orthopaedic ์ •ํ˜•์™ธ๊ณผ
๐Ÿงก ingrained ( = deep-rooted) ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๊นŠ์€, ๋ชธ์— ๋ฐด
๐Ÿงก manifest ( = obvious, โ†” conceal, hide) ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค, ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋‹ค, ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด ๋ณด์ด๋‹ค
๐Ÿ’ฏ ์ˆ™์–ด/ํ‘œํ˜„๋„ ๋†“์น˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ฑ™๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ! 
๐Ÿ’› either A or B : A ๋˜๋Š” B / A๋‚˜ B ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜
โ†’ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค.
โ†’ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ธ [Neither A nor B]๋Š” 'A๋„ B๋„ (๋‘˜ ๋‹ค) ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค'๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป!
ex. There were no gender differences in how surgery went for either men or women operated on by a female surgeon.
์—ฌ์„ฑ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋“  ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
๐Ÿšจ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ์˜ค์—ผ
ํ™”ํ•™ ์˜ค์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ˜‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ์•„๋‹Œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”. PCB(ํด๋ฆฌ์—ผํ™”๋ฐ”์ดํŽ˜๋‹)๊ฐ™์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋…์„ฑ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์€ ์—๋ฒ ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์‚ฐ ์ •์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊นŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ . ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์˜ค์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ '์˜ค์กด์ธต ํŒŒ๊ดด'๋งŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ค„์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.

๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ™”ํ•™ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๐Ÿง ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋งŒํผ์€ ์™ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ž
โ€ป โ€˜=โ€™๋Š” ์œ ์˜์–ด, โ€˜โ†”โ€™ ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•ด์š” / ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋œป๋งŒ ์ ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
๐Ÿงก pervade (= be rampant) ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•˜๋‹ค
๐Ÿงก underpin ( = support) (์ฃผ์žฅ์„) ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋‹ค; ์ง€ํƒฑํ•˜๋‹ค
๐Ÿงก pesticide ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ, ๋†์•ฝ
๐Ÿงก fiftyfold 50๋ฐฐ์˜
๐Ÿงก extent (์‹ฌ๊ฐ์„ฑ์˜) ์ •๋„
๐Ÿงก ultraviolet ์ž์™ธ์„ 
๐Ÿ’ฏ ์ˆ™์–ด/ํ‘œํ˜„๋„ ๋†“์น˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ฑ™๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ! 
๐Ÿ’› along with : ~์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
ex. Plastics are of particularly high concern, they said, along with 350,000 synthetic chemicals including pesticides, industrial compounds and antibiotics.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ด ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ, ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ, ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋“ฑ 35๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ’› wipe out : ๋ชฐ์‚ดํ•˜๋‹ค; ๋„˜์–ด์ง€๋‹ค; ๋‹ฆ์•„๋‚ด๋‹ค
ex. For example, pesticides wipe out many non-target insects.
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์ผ ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ณค์ถฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชฐ์‚ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ’› be likely to ๋™์‚ฌ์›ํ˜• : ~ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค 
ex. This does not mean that the aggregate effect is likely to be insignificant.
์ด์ฒด์  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์ฆ‰, ์ด์ฒด์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.)
"์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ด์‹  ๊ฑด์ง€ ์ •๋งใ…‹ใ…‹ใ…‹ใ…‹ ๊ณ ๋‚œ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ด์—ช์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์–ด์š”.
ํ‰์†Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์นœ๊ทผํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ์ด์—ช์ง€๋ž‘ ์นœํ•ด์ง„ ๋Š๋‚Œ๋„ ๋“ค๊ณ ์š”!"

์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ ํ›„๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด์—ช์ง€์˜ ๋“ ๋“ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹คโค๏ธ
์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์•„๋ž˜ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”๐Ÿ˜Š
EFG ์ด์—ช์ง€
๐Ÿ‘€ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์—†๋Š” ์ €๋งˆ๋‹ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
๐Ÿ”ฅ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋ถˆํ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”"
๐Ÿ—ž ๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ  ๐Ÿ‘‰ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ
๋ณธ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์˜์ƒ์€ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ28์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„์ง EFG๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
์ด์—ช์ง€ EFG
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